¢heu jS¥jc¡¯ll L¢ha¡

pª¢øl Ef¡u

në hËþ z AbÑ¡v n¯ël BL¡l B¯R z "p¯gc¡' HL¢V në-dÆ¢e z HC n¯ël BL¡l p¯gc¡ gm¢V ¯kj¢e ¢WL ¯aj¢e z Hl nëa¡¢aÆL fËj¡Z B¯R z "Ba¡' HL¢V në-dÆ¢e z Ba¡ në¢Vl ¯Qq¡l¡ ¢WL Ba¡ gm¢Vl j¯a¡ z f¡WL Bf¢eJ HClLj ea¥e në ¢c¯u dÆ¢e ¢c¯u ea¥e gm h¡e¡¯a f¡¯le z

HL¢V ea¥e në-dÆ¢e "¢qÄu¡' z ¢qÄu¡ EµQ¡lZ Ll¡l p¯‰ p¯‰ ¯Q¡¯Ml p¡j¯e HL¢V ea¥e gm ¯cM¡ k¡¯µR z

f¡¢M

f¡WL j¤M ¢c¯u EµQ¡lZ Ll¦e "¢e¢sq¡' z ¯cM¤e j¡b¡l Efl ¢c¯u HL¢V f¡¢M E¯s k¡¯µR z HC ¢e¢sq¡ f¡¢M¢V B¢j h¡¢e¯u¢R z hý¢ce B¯N R¡f¡ q¯u ¯N¯R z L¢h ASu e¡N Bj¡¯L ¢S‘¡p¡ L¯l¢Rm "c¡c¡, Hje Aá¥a HL¢V në h¡¢e¯u¯Re ?' Ha¢ce f¯l B¢j AS¯ul f˯nÀl Sh¡h ¢m¯M S¡e¡m¡j z

HCh¡l f¡WL ¯S¡¯l EµQ¡lZ Ll¦e "¢f¢sq¡' z ¯cM¤e j¡b¡l ¢c¯u HL¢V f¡¢M E¯s k¡¯µR z f¡¢M¢V f¡WL h¡e¡¯me z

HCh¡l ¯S¡¯l EµQ¡lZ Ll¦e "¢g¢sq¡'z f¡WL ¯cM¤e j¡b¡l j¡b¡l Efl ¢c¯u HLV¡ mÉ¡wV¡ h¡mL ¯cM¡ k¡¯µR z f¡WL HC h¡mL¢V¯L h¡e¡¯me z

HCh¡l f¡WL ¯S¡¯l EµQ¡lZ Ll¦e "¢h¢sq¡' z f¡WL ¯cM¤e j¡b¡l Efl ¢c¯u nL¥¯el j¯a¡ ¢hl¡V HL¢V f¡¢M E¯s k¡¯µR z

fö

f¡WL ¯S¡¯l EµQ¡lZ Ll¦e "NCu¡" z f¡WL Ef¯ll ¢c¯L ¯cM¤e HL¢V fË¡e£ z fË¡e£¢Vl ¢nP ¯eC , Q¡l f¡ , mÉ¡S ¯eC z

j¡e¤o

¯chi¡o¡l hÉ¡LlZ Ae¤p¡¯l j¡e¤o pª¢ø Ll¡ qu z ¯chi¡o¡l hÉ¡LlZ HLM¡e¡ "pjNË hÉ¡LlZ ¯L±j¤c£' z f¡WL ¯cM¤e ¯chi¡o¡u HL¢V në ¯eC "j¯e¡m£e' në¢V ¯eC z nël¡ ph ¯ch¯ch£ z ¯chi¡o¡l j¯e¡m£e në¯cha¡¢V ¯eC z HCh¡l B¢j j¯e¡m£e në¢V ¢m¯M¢R z a¡q¯m i¢hoɯa j¯e¡m£e në ¯cha¡¢V pª¢ø q¯h - ¯cM¯a q¯h j¡e¤¯ol j¯a¡ z

¯ch i¡o¡l hÉ¡Ll¯Z "Nc¡dl' në¢V B¯R z ¢L¿¹¥ "Nc¡dl¡' në¢V ¯eC z a¡q¯m Nc¡dl¡ në¯ch£¢V¯L h¡e¡¯e¡ pñh z Nc¡dl¡ në¯ch£¢Vl ¯Qq¡l¡ ¯j¯u j¡e¤¯ol j¯a¡ z

¯L¡l¡p x A¯ƒ¡.-e¯i. 2002

EvfmL¥j¡l hp¤

¢heu jS¥jc¡l : ay¡l L¢ha¡

¢heu jS¥jc¡l fËp¯‰ Bj¡l f¯r ¢LR¥ ¯mM¡ c¤l©q z Bjl¡ pjh¯up£ Hhw fË¡u HLC pªSe-f¢ljä¯m Bj¡¯cl ¯k±he ¯L¯V¯R z hým¡w¯n a¡ BS NÒf, L¡¢qe£, ¢jb J ¢e¾c¡-fËnwp¡u fkÑh¢pa z ¯p-ph ¢e¯u A¯eL ¯mM¡ q¯u¯R z ¯Vhm-VL q¯u¯R a¡lJ ¯h¢n z Hhw¢hØj¯ul Lb¡ HC ¯k M¤h ¯h¢n¢ce B¯Nl OVe¡ eu Bj¡¯cl ¯k±heL¡m z Bjl¡ o¡V ¯f¢l¯u¢R z p¤¤al¡w ¢œn Q¢õn hRl L¡Vm j¡œ z j¯e qu La ¢qjk¤N, La fhÑa¢e¯rf, La S£h¡¯nÈl Ù¹l£ihe ¯cMm¤j ¯ke z j¡e¢Qœ f¡ÒV¡¯µR Hhw jq¡¯cn…¢m ea¥ei¡¯h, eh pj¤â¢Q¯q², Af¢lZa i¨¯N¡¯m Hhw pcÉ-B¢h×L«a jl¦-¯jl¦-Al¯ZÉ ¢Q¢q²a q¯µR z ¢heu jS¥jc¡l h¡wm¡ L¢ha¡u ¯ajeC HL A¢ÙÛl i¨fËL«¢al Awn z

L¢ha¡, Bjl¡ S¡¢e, ¯L¡eJ üuw pÇf¨ZÑ hÙ¹¥ eu z L¢ha¡ e¡VL Hhw L¢hl j¯dÉ HL fË¢a¢œ²u¡-pª¢øL¡l£ fÜ¢a z HC fÜ¢a¯L¢¾cÊL Q¢l¯œl SeÉ L¢ha¡u hÉ¡LlZ, °nm£ Hhw enÄla¡ °a¢l q¯u¯R z Afl¢c¯L fË¢a¢œ²u¡l SeÈc¡œ£ h¯m L¢ha¡u fË¡Z B¯l¡¢fa qu z L¢ha¡u Bjl¡ fË¡un nÄ¢pa hÙ¹¥ h¡ "AlN¡¢eL' A¢Ù¹¯aÆl ¢Qq² ¯c¯M b¡¢L z HC c¤C ¯L¾cÊ - AbÑ¡v hÙ¹¥ J fË¡Z, hÉ¡LlZ J ¢h¯â¡q, °nm£ J fËb¡j¤¢š²¯L S¥¯s l¯u¯R HL ¯pa¥ k¡l e¡j enÄla¡ z L¢ha¡l jªa¥É qu z m¤ç qu a¡l i¡o¡, pw¯La, Ef¯cn J Lm¡°LhmÉ z

¢he¯ul A¯eL L¢ha¡ fs¯a fs¯a j¯e q¯u¯R Bjl¡ h¤¢T L¢ha¡u ¯aje HL A¢¿¹j AhÙÛ¡u ¯fy±¯R ¯N¢R z ¯ke Hlfl Bl ¯L¡eJ
L¢ha¡ qu e¡ z AbÑ¡v HC L¢ha¡…¢ml j¯dÉ "g¡Ce¡¢m¢V'-l Ef¡c¡e B¯R z lh£¾cÊe¡¯bJ Hje Ec¡qlZ f¡C : "" l©f-e¡l¡¯el L¨¯m / ¯S¯N E¢Wm¡j / S¡¢em¡j H-SNa üfÀ eu ..... z '' S£he¡e¯¾cJ Hje B¯R A¯eL Ec¡qlZ My¥¯S f¡Ju¡ k¡u z a¡lfl ¢heu jS¥jc¡l-¯u z H…¢m L¢ha¡ lQe¡l ¯L¡eJ ¯L±nm eu z H¢V ¢eZÑu h¡LÉ h¡ f˯f¡¢Sn¯el EfÙÛ¡fe z

¯kje :

...."" p¿¹lZ-AdÉ¡fL B¯l¡
B¯R ¯LE ¯LE HC hSÊf¡aju fª¢bh£¯a z
¯ke h¡ A¢hh¡¢qa ¢nö ¯c¯M A¢Q¯lC ¢e¢ÕQa jlZ z ''

Hhw

"" LÒfe¡ Ll¡l ¯Qø¡ L¢l B¢j - HLV¡ Nl¦l RV¡ ¢nw ;
H-cªnÉ LÒfe¡ Ll¡ pñh q¯m¡ e¡ ; ..... ¯h¡T¡ k¡u
k¡ ¯eC a¡ LM¯e¡ LÒfe¡ Ll¡ pñh eu ¯q
öd¤j¡œ k¡ B¯R a¡ LÒfe¡u ¯cM¡C pñh z
Hl ¢hfl£ai¡¯h k¡ ph LÒfe¡ L¢l a¡C ph B¯R z ''

Hhw

"" ..... Q£vL¡l L¯l J¯W e¡¢f¯al ¯c¡L¡epj§q
h¯m , ¯n¡¯e¡ , j¤L¥¯l ¯a¡ X¡e q¡a qu h¡j q¡a z
ah¤ h¤¯L Wy¡C ¯cu , j¤L¥¯ll ¯kV¥L¥ rja¡ z
¯n¡¯e¡ jc , ¯n¡¯e¡ g¥m , O¤¯jl ¢ia¯l L¡E¯LC
¯My¡S¡ ¯a¡ pñh eu , AaHh L¡E¯L My¥¢S e¡ z ''

Bd¤¢eL cnÑen¡¯Ù» HL¢V fËd¡e ¢hQ¡l qm ¢eZÑu h¡¯LÉl eÉ¡upÇja ¢h¯nÔoZ z k¢c ¢h¯nÔoZ eÉ¡upÇja e¡ qu a¯h p¢WL AbÑ pª¢ø qu e¡ Abh¡ hm¡ k¡u hš²¡ h¡ ¯mML HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø AbÑ pª¢ø Ll¡ p¯šÄJ - f¡WL¡l£ a¡l AeÉ f¡W pª¢ø L¯l z ¯k±¢NL ¢eZÑu h¡LÉ, k¡ ¢heu jS¥jc¡l ay¡l L¢ha¡u fË¡uC hÉhq¡l L¯l b¡¯Le - pjpÉ¡¢V¯L B¯l¡ S¢Vm fkÑ¡¯u Eæ£a L'¯l z Bjl¡ ¢hØj¯ul p¡¯b mrÉ L¢l B¯m¡QÉ L¢h Ahm£m¡u HLS¡a£u ¢eZÑuh¡LÉ ¯b¯L B¯lL fËL¡¯l Q¯m k¡e z LMeJ ¢g¯l B¯pe j§m p§¯œ z LMeJ ¢ÙÛl qe HL j¡T¡j¡¢T AhÙÛ¡u z B¢j ¯p¢ce h¯p h¯p HL¢V a¡¢mL¡ °a¢l Ll¢Rm¤j L£-S¡a£u ¢eZÑu h¡LÉ ¢heu jS¥jc¡¯ll ¢fËu fËLlZ z HC a¡¢mL¡¢V ¢c¢µR :

üuw¢eiÑl (Categorical)
k¢c-a¡q¯m (Hypothetical)
¢hLÒf¡aÈL (Disjunctive)
A¢Ù¹üh¡QL (Athermati)
¢e¯od¡aÈL (Negative)
p¡L¥mÉhÉ¡fL (Universal)
f§ZÑ¢eÕQu (Necessary)
pñ¡he¡h¡QL (Problematic)
Hhw
hÙ¹¥¢houL (Real)

B¢j öd¤ fËÙ¹¡h¡L¡¯l q¢cn ¢cm¤j z a¡¢mL¡¢VJ pÇf¨ZÑ eu z

AaÉ¿¹ fËi¡hn¡m£ HC °h¢n¯øÉl SeÉ ¢heu jS¥jc¡¯ll L¢ha¡ a¡l A¯eL AmwL¡l hSÑe L¯l¯R z R¯¾c¡…Z, Efj¡, dÆ¢e¯p±LkÑ, A¿¹¢jm Hhw BlJ hý¢hd Q¢lœ mrÈZ AbÑ¡v ny¡M¡-¢pyc¤l ¯b¯L f¡e-Bma¡ - k¡ ¢c¯u Bjl¡ L¢ha¡¯L ¢Q¯e b¡¢L - a¡ phC fË¡u L¢ha¡u Ae¤f¢ÙÛa z ay¡l L¢ha¡l HC ¢el¡ilZ l©f¢V hs j¯e¡mi¡ z LjmL¥j¡l jS¥jc¡¯ll fËh¡¯q hm¡ k¡u ¢he¯ul L¡¯R "" l¦¯fl LM¯e¡ l¦f¡¿¹l qu e¡z ''

¢L¿¹¥ L¢hl E¢š² h¡ ¢eZÑu h¡‚¯L ¢L Bjl¡ paÉ h¯m ¯j¯e ¯eh ? Bjl¡ ¢L ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma fw¢š²¯L ü£L¡l Ll¯h¡ :

"" °cOÑ, il J pju HC ¢ae HL¯Ll Lb¡
fË¡unC EµQ¡¢la qu fª¢bh£¯a,
¯ke Bl ¢LR¥ ¯eC ¢Ve HLL hÉ¡¢aa...
B¯m¡¯Ll f¢lj¡e j¡f¡l HLL B¯R, B¯l¡
në L¯a¡ ¯S¡¯l qm, a¡ j¡f¡l HLL l¯u¯R
Hhw j¡e¤o-¢ce e¡¯jJ HLL B¯R HC fª¢bh£¯a ''

Bjl¡ k¢c HC fËp¯‰ ""CES ¢b¯u¡l£'' h¡ hÉhq¡laaÆ f˯u¡N L¢l a¯h ¯cM¯h¡ Eš² ¢b¯u¡l£ ¯k-¢ae¢V fÜ¢a Ahmð¯e ¢h¯nÔoZ L'¯l b¡¯L a¡l a«a£u¢V HLC L¡hÉ¡w¯nl fË¢a f˯k¡SÉ z

fËbj¢V :

p§œ (Premise) ¢pÜ¡¿¹ (Conclusion)

¢àa£u¢V :

p‰a L¡lZ (Ground) f¢lZ¢a (Consequence)

a«a£u¢V :

Ae¤n¡p¢eL (Cannonical)

AbÑ¡v fËbj c¤¢V f˯u¡N Ll¯m Bjl¡ Eš² L¡hÉ¡w¯nl am f¡h e¡ z HC fu¡l¯L AbÑq£e , Ah¡Ù¹h Hhw A¯k±¢š²L h¯m j¯e q¯h z ¢L¿¹¥ Bjl¡ k¢c S¡¢e ¯k H¢V Ae¤n¡p¢eL AbÑ¡v H¢V L¢hl fËaÉr J f¯l¡r ‘¡e Bp¯m hÉ¡¢ç‘¡e - a¯h qu¯a¡ Bjl¡ Hl a¡vfkÑ Efm¢ì Ll¯a f¡l¯h¡ z aMe Bjl¡ i¡h¯a hp¯h¡ a¯h j¡e¤o ¢L HaC k¡¢¿»L e¡¢L ? ¯p ¢L °cOÑÉ , il , J pj¯ul pja¥mÉ B¯lL¢V j¡fL ? ¢eÕQu eu z ¢heu jS¥jc¡l ¢L Bj¡¯cl ¯no fkÑ¿¹ e£¢a ¢nr¡ ¢c¯µRe ?

HC lQe¡¢V B¢j HC dy¡dy¡u ¯no Ll¯a Q¡C z ¢heu jS¥jc¡l ay¡l L¢ha¡u h¡lh¡l hÉ¡¢ç ‘¡e¡aÈL Ae¤j¡e (induction) Hhw ü‘¡j§mL eÉ¡u (intuitive logic) hÉhq¡l L¯l Bj¡¯cl HL¢V ¢h¯no f¯b Q¡¢ma Ll¡l ¯Qø¡ L¯l¯Re z ¢L¿¹¥ ¯pC fb ¢L ¯no q¯h e£¢a¢hQ¡¯l ? i¡m-j¾cl j¡u¡h£ B¯m¡u ¢L Bjl¡ fËL«¢a J fbQ¡l£¯cl ¯cM¡l SeÉ °a¢l qh ?

f˵R¡u¡ , ¢heu jS¥jc¡l pwMÉ¡ , A¯ƒ¡hl 1999

jªc¤m c¡n…ç

L¢hl Nm¡u Ny¡c¡l j¡m¡

a¥¢j H¯m Aj¯m¾c¥ , i¡l£ je ¢e¯u , ¯hce¡ju j¤M z påÉ¡u Bj¡¯cl A¢g¯p z Y¡L¡ ¯b¯L ¯p¢ceC ¢g¯l B¢j A¢g¯p L¡¯S h¯p¢R z pwh¡cf¯œl ¯m¡L , Bj¡¯L a¡C Bl 5 V¡ L¡NS ¯cM¯a qu z qyÉ¡ B¢jJ Ù¹¢ña q¯u ¯N¢R z L¢hl Nm¡u Ny¡c¡ g¥¯ml j¡m¡ z Bj¡u HL¢ce k¡l¡ ¯j¯l¢Rm . . . j¯e fsm z Mh¯ll L¡N¯Sl ¯m¡L , Hph j¯e fs¯a ¯eC z j¯e l¡M¯a ¯eC z ah¤ a¥¢j hm¯m , W¡L¥leN¯ll ¯LE ¯LE , ¯a¡j¡¯L , ¢ho·¥¯L ¢e¯u ¢f¢S¯a ¢N¯u¢R¯me z ¢hnÄLjÑ¡ f§¯S¡l¢ce , ¢g hRl i¡â pwœ²¡¢¿¹l¢ce ¯a¡jl¡ ¢heuc¡l SeÈ¢ce f¡me Ll z B¢j ¯a¡ a¡ S¡¢e z B¢jJ X¥-¢aeh¡l ¢N¯u¢R z L¡m£c¡¯L ¯c¯M¢R , A¢ju ¯ch¯L ¯c¯M¢R z p¾c£f cš ¯a¡ cmhm ¢e¯u k¡u z Nah¡l B¢j c£feh¡h¤ ¢N¯u¢Rm¡j z a¡ , ¯a¡jl¡ ¢f¢Sl j¡e¢pL ¢hi¡¯Nl p¤¤f¡l¯L ¢N¯u dl¯m , Hh¡l ¢L q¡pf¡a¡¯m ¢heuc¡¯L p¯¾c¯nl h¡„ ¯cJu¡ k¡¯h , SeÈ¢c¯el ¢ce , HLV¥ g¥m V¥m ? ¯a¡jl¡ fË¢ah¡l c¡J z öd¤ ¢L Bl SeÈ¢c¯e z ¯a¡jl¡ Ha hRl d¯l W¡L¥leN¯l ¢heuc¡l ¯cM¡ö¯e¡ Ll¯R¡ z ¢f¢Sl j¡e¢pL Ju¡¯XÑl p¤¤f¡l hm¯me , Hh¡l Jph SeÈ¢ce¢Ve Ll¡ k¡¯h e¡ z ¯hn , X¡š²¡ll¡ Hje hm¯aC f¡¯le z ¢h¯noa j¡e¢pL ¯l¡N ¢hi¡¯Nl p¤¤f¡l X¡š²¡l z ¯a¡jl¡ c¤ÚxM e¡ ¯f¯uC Q¯m H¯m z ¢heuc¡l ¢Q¢Lvp¡ q¯µR z ay¡¯L ¢hlš² Ll¯a h¡lZ Ll¯Re p¤¤f¡l , HC i¡h¯m z a¡C ¯a¡ ? a¡lfl h¡S¡¯l JC R¢h z L¡N¯S L¡N¯S 9 m¡M z i¡¯h¡ 9 m¡M l¢Pe R¢h z L£ i¡m hÉ¡f¡l , L£ i¡m hÉ¡f¡l z L¢ce f¯lC Cw¯l¢S L¡N¯S Bh¡l JC L¢hl Nm¡u Ny¡c¡g¥¯ml j¡m¡ z BlJ hs R¢h z HV¡ AhnÉ m¡M M¡¯e¯Ll L¡NS z a¡¯a L£ z ¯La¡c¤lÙ¹ j¡e¤oSe f¯s z ay¡q¡¯cl L¡¯R ¢heuc¡l JC R¢h ! ¢L¿¹¥ ¯a¡jl¡ Ù¹¢ña z Hh¡l Bh¡l ¢heuc¡l ¯fR¯e ¯pC fËL¡n¯Ll B¯d¡ j¤M , ¯ke m¤¯L¡¯e¡ , ¯k ¢heuc¡l "pjNË' L¯l fup¡ L¢s ¯cu¢e , H Bh¡l EfL¯ãl l¡e£l S¡j¡C z j¾c L£ z ¢heuc¡l La hs R¢h z a¡J ¯a¡jl¡ Ù¹¢ña , r¥ì , hÉ¢ba , œ²¥Ü z hm¯R¡ , Jl¡C ¯R¯f¢Rm ¯pC ¢hc¤¢oe£l lp lQe¡ z " ¢heu e¡¯j Bj¡¯cl Bj¯m HLV¡ f¡Nm ¢Rm z ¯p L¢h ¯cM¯mC m¡¢W q¡¯a a¡s¡ Lla z ' q¡x q¡x HMe ¯a¡ Bl ¢heuc¡ a¡s¡ Ll¯a f¡¯le e¡ z Ny¡c¡l j¡m¡ ¢e¯a qu z L£ hm¯R¡ , ¢f¢Sl j¡e¢pL Ju¡¯XÑl p¤¤f¡¯ll ¢hl¦¯Ü A¢i¯k¡N ¯a¡m¡ ? h¡f¯l ! B¢j c¤x¢Ma z ¯l¡¯ne¡l¡¯L h¯m cÉ¡¯M¡ z ¯p ¯a¡ L¢ha¡ ¢mMa , Cc¡e£w ¯cM¢R e¡ . . . z

¯L¡l¡p x A¯ƒ¡.-e¯i. 2002

¯SÉ¡¢ajÑu cš

cª¢ø¢hï¯jl j¯a¡ x ¢heu jS¥jc¡l

cª¢ø¢hï¯jl j¯a¡ L¡Òf¢eL h¯m j¯e qu
¯a¡j¡¯L A¢Ù¹aÆq£e¡ , Abh¡ qu¯a¡ m¤ç , jªa z
Abh¡ L¯lR aÉ¡N , A°hd f¤¯œl j¯a¡ , f¯b z
S£h¯el Lb¡ i¡¢h z ra ¯p¯l ¯N¯m f¯l aƯL
f¤el¡u ¯L¯n¡cÚNj q¯h e¡ z ¢hjoÑ i¡he¡u
l¡¢œl j¡¢Rl j¯a¡ n¡¿¹ q¯u l¯u¯R ¯hce¡
q¡pf¡a¡¯ml ¯b¯L ¯gl¡l pjuL¡l j¯e z
j¡¯T j¡¯T , A¯N¡Q¯l h¡m¯Ll O¤¯jl ¢ia¯l
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